{"id":11241,"date":"2023-12-18T14:37:24","date_gmt":"2023-12-18T05:37:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jerusalemmother.com\/mitochondrial-inheritance\/"},"modified":"2025-11-18T09:32:39","modified_gmt":"2025-11-18T00:32:39","slug":"mitochondrial-inheritance","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jerusalemmother.com\/cs\/mitochondrial-inheritance\/","title":{"rendered":"Mitochondrie, d\u011bdictv\u00ed \u017eivota p\u0159ijat\u00e9 od matek"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201eCo je \u017eivot?\u201c<\/p>\n

Na prvn\u00ed pohled se to m\u016f\u017ee zd\u00e1t jako filozofick\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka, ale ve skute\u010dnosti je to ot\u00e1zka, kterou mnoho v\u011bdc\u016f st\u00e1le zkoum\u00e1, ani\u017e by na\u0161li odpov\u011b\u010f. Je zcela b\u011b\u017enou pravdou, \u017ee v\u0161echny \u017eiv\u00e9 v\u011bci maj\u00ed \u017eivot. Ale definovat tento \u017eivot jedn\u00edm slovem nen\u00ed tak jednoduch\u00e9. Mnoho u\u010denc\u016f se pokou\u0161elo definovat \u017eivot, ale nikdo nebyl schopen vytvo\u0159it \u00faplnou teorii. Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 definice \u017eivota je v\u0161ak zobecn\u011bn\u00edm spole\u010dn\u00fdch charakteristik \u017eivota.<\/p>\n

\u017div\u00e9 organismy maj\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed vlastnosti. Pat\u0159\u00ed mezi n\u011b homeost\u00e1ze, organick\u00e1 tk\u00e1\u0148, v\u00fdvoj a r\u016fst, reakce na podn\u011bty, reprodukce a metabolismus. P\u0159esto\u017ee v\u0161echny tyto charakteristiky jsou hlavn\u00edmi faktory, kter\u00e9 ur\u010duj\u00ed \u017eivot, pokud bychom m\u011bli jmenovat z\u00e1klad, nem\u016f\u017eeme opomenout metabolismus.<\/p>\n

Metabolismus ozna\u010duje v\u0161echny hmotn\u00e9 zm\u011bny, ke kter\u00fdm doch\u00e1z\u00ed v \u017eiv\u00e9m organismu, v\u010detn\u011b rozkladu nebo synt\u00e9zy l\u00e1tek, a prim\u00e1rn\u00edm \u00fa\u010delem t\u00e9to \u010dinnosti je z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed energie pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 k udr\u017een\u00ed \u017eivota. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd \u017eiv\u00fd organismus nem\u016f\u017ee p\u0159e\u017e\u00edt bez energie. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd \u017eivot nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt nez\u00e1visl\u00fd na energii a energie je z\u00e1kladn\u00edm prvkem, kter\u00fd udr\u017euje \u017eiv\u00e9 organismy p\u0159i \u017eivot\u011b, a lze ji pova\u017eovat za z\u00e1klad \u017eivota. Tak\u017ee kde a jak \u017eiv\u00e9 organismy z\u00edsk\u00e1vaj\u00ed svou energii?<\/p>\n

Pokud byste si m\u011bli vybrat org\u00e1n, kter\u00fd je pro lidsk\u00fd \u017eivot kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd, v\u0161ichni by si vybrali srdce. Z l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9ho hlediska je p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00ed tlukotu srdce pova\u017eov\u00e1no za stav ztr\u00e1ty \u017eivota neboli smrt. Jak m\u016f\u017ee srdce po cel\u00fd \u017eivot \u010dlov\u011bka b\u00edt, ani\u017e by se na okam\u017eik zastavilo? Co d\u00e1v\u00e1 srdci \u017eivot?<\/p>\n

To \u00fazce souvis\u00ed s mitochondriemi, energetick\u00fdmi tov\u00e1rnami na\u0161eho t\u011bla. Mitochondrie jsou jen jednou z drobn\u00fdch organel uvnit\u0159 bun\u011bk, ale jsou zodpov\u011bdn\u00e9 za produkci energie prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm bun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9ho d\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed 1<\/sup>. Mitochondrie se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ve v\u0161ech eukaryotick\u00fdch bu\u0148k\u00e1ch2<\/sup>, a v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b \u010dlov\u011bka tvo\u0159\u00ed asi 10 procent jeho t\u011blesn\u00e9 hmotnosti. Mitochondrie jsou rozm\u00edst\u011bny po cel\u00e9 bu\u0148ce, aby efektivn\u011b dod\u00e1valy energii, kterou bu\u0148ka pot\u0159ebuje. Na rozd\u00edl od jin\u00fdch org\u00e1n\u016f v t\u011ble jsou nejv\u00edce koncentrovan\u00e9 v mozku, srdci, j\u00e1trech a svalech, kter\u00e9 vy\u017eaduj\u00ed intenzivn\u00ed \u010dinnost a d\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Bun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 d\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed: Proces, kter\u00fdm bu\u0148ky z\u00edsk\u00e1vaj\u00ed kysl\u00edk a oxiduj\u00ed organickou hmotu za \u00fa\u010delem z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed energie a tak\u00e9 se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 vnit\u0159n\u00ed d\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/li>\n
  2. Eukaryotick\u00e1 bu\u0148ka: Bu\u0148ka s j\u00e1drem obklopen\u00fdm jadernou membr\u00e1nou. Uvnit\u0159 bu\u0148ky se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed organely, jako jsou mitochondrie a endoplazmatick\u00e9 retikulum.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
    <\/picture><\/figure>\n

    Mitochondrie vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed kysl\u00edk dod\u00e1van\u00fd d\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00edm k produkci ATP (adenosintrifosf\u00e1tu), energetick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky. ATP lze metaforicky pova\u017eovat za druh energetick\u00e9 m\u011bny. ATP m\u00e1 ke ka\u017ed\u00e9 molekule p\u0159ipojen t\u0159i fosf\u00e1tov\u00e9 skupiny a poka\u017ed\u00e9, kdy\u017e se jedna z t\u011bchto fosf\u00e1tov\u00fdch skupin odd\u011bl\u00ed, uvoln\u00ed se ur\u010dit\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed energie, kterou bu\u0148ky vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, na\u0161e lidsk\u00e9 t\u011blo vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 ATP produkovan\u00e9 v mitochondri\u00edch k z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed energie pro udr\u017een\u00ed \u017eivota. Proto\u017ee t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161echny t\u011blesn\u00e9 org\u00e1ny jsou z\u00e1visl\u00e9 na energii produkovan\u00e9 mitochondriemi, m\u016f\u017ee pokles nebo abnorm\u00e1ln\u00ed funkce mitochondri\u00ed zp\u016fsobit r\u016fzn\u00e1 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zn\u00e1me. Proto v\u011bdci v posledn\u00ed dob\u011b intenzivn\u011b zkoumaj\u00ed mitochondrie v souvislosti se st\u00e1rnut\u00edm a nemocemi a sna\u017e\u00ed se zjistit, jak udr\u017eet mitochondrie co nejd\u00e9le zdrav\u00e9.<\/p>\n

    Mitochondrie, kter\u00e9 jsou pro n\u00e1\u0161 \u017eivot nezbytn\u00e9, maj\u00ed jedine\u010dn\u00e9 vlastnosti. Je to pr\u00e1v\u011b skute\u010dnost, \u017ee mitochondrie v na\u0161ich bu\u0148k\u00e1ch jsou v\u0161echny zd\u011bd\u011bny od matek. Tomu se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 mate\u0159sk\u00e1 d\u011bdi\u010dnost a je v kontrastu s otcovskou d\u011bdi\u010dnost\u00ed, u kter\u00e9 se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee \u201echromozom Y se d\u011bd\u00ed po otci\u201c.<\/p>\n

    Mitochondri\u00e1ln\u00ed geny maj\u00ed tu vlastnost, \u017ee existuj\u00ed nez\u00e1visle, na rozd\u00edl od v\u011bt\u0161iny bun\u011b\u010dn\u00fdch gen\u016f. Zat\u00edmco v\u011bt\u0161ina gen\u016f bun\u011bk jsou hust\u011b uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1ny v prostoru zvan\u00e9m j\u00e1dro, mitochondri\u00e1ln\u00ed geny existuj\u00ed v nez\u00e1visl\u00e9m prostoru uvnit\u0159 mitochondri\u00ed, nikoli v j\u00e1d\u0159e. Jak ji\u017e bylo zm\u00edn\u011bno, mitochondrie existuj\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ve v\u0161ech bu\u0148k\u00e1ch, tak\u017ee kdy\u017e se bu\u0148ka d\u011bl\u00ed, d\u011bl\u00ed se nejen j\u00e1dro, ale tak\u00e9 mitochondrie, kter\u00e9 vstupuj\u00ed do ka\u017ed\u00e9 bu\u0148ky.<\/p>\n

    Tento princip nen\u00ed v\u00fdjimkou, ani kdy\u017e se d\u011bl\u00ed spermie a vaj\u00ed\u010dka, co\u017e jsou reproduk\u010dn\u00ed bu\u0148ky. Mitochondrie se nach\u00e1z\u00ed jak ve spermi\u00edch poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch od otce, tak i ve vaj\u00ed\u010dku poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edm od matky. Kdy\u017e v\u0161ak spermie oplodn\u00ed vaj\u00ed\u010dko, ocas spermie je od\u0159\u00edznut, co\u017e zabr\u00e1n\u00ed mitochondri\u00edm spermie ve vstupu do vaj\u00ed\u010dka. Je to proto, \u017ee v\u011bt\u0161ina mitochondri\u00ed spermi\u00ed je soust\u0159ed\u011bna v jejich ocasu. I kdy\u017e se \u010d\u00e1st z nich dostane do vaj\u00ed\u010dka, ve vaj\u00ed\u010dku se rozlo\u017e\u00ed a zmiz\u00ed. V d\u016fsledku toho se DNA v j\u00e1d\u0159e oplodn\u011bn\u00e9ho vaj\u00ed\u010dka d\u011bd\u00ed z poloviny od otce a z poloviny od matky, ale na d\u00edt\u011b se p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1 pouze mitochondri\u00e1ln\u00ed DNA, kter\u00e1 je obsa\u017eeno ve vaj\u00ed\u010dku, tedy od matky.<\/p>\n

    Tato mate\u0159sk\u00e1 d\u011bdi\u010dnost mitochondri\u00ed z nich \u010din\u00ed tak\u00e9 u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fd n\u00e1stroj v biotechnologi\u00edch. I kdy\u017e je v bu\u0148ce pouze jedno j\u00e1dro, mitochondri\u00e1ln\u00ed DNA obsahuje tolik identick\u00fdch gen\u016f, kolik je mitochondri\u00ed. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, v jedn\u00e9 bu\u0148ce je tis\u00edce stejn\u00fdch mitochondri\u00e1ln\u00edch DNA a toto DNA pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b z\u016fstane po dlouhou dobu nepo\u0161kozen\u00e9, proto\u017ee je tak mal\u00e9. Pokud je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 analyzovat jadernou DNA, jako to je v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b star\u00fdch kost\u00ed, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt toto\u017enost ov\u011b\u0159ena pomoc\u00ed mitochondri\u00e1ln\u00ed DNA. Zejm\u00e9na proto, \u017ee se d\u011bd\u00ed pouze po matce, pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se hlavn\u011b k ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed, zda je mate\u0159sk\u00e1 linie stejn\u00e1. Ve skute\u010dnosti se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee mitochondri\u00e1ln\u00ed genetick\u00e9 testov\u00e1n\u00ed bylo pou\u017eito k identifikaci ostatk\u016f ob\u011bt\u00ed teroristick\u00fdch \u00fatok\u016f z 11. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech.<\/p>\n

    Zdrojem energie pro oplodn\u011bn\u00e9 vaj\u00ed\u010dko, kter\u00e9 je v\u00fdchoz\u00edm bodem \u017eivota, aby rozkvetlo a vytvo\u0159ilo ruce a nohy d\u00edt\u011bte, jsou mitochondrie zanechan\u00e9 matkou. Mate\u0159sk\u00e1 l\u00e1ska je vti\u0161t\u011bna do ka\u017ed\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti na\u0161eho t\u011bla a vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed energii \u017eivota.<\/p>\n

    P\u0159esn\u00fd p\u016fvod a d\u016fvod, pro\u010d je mitochondri\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u011bdi\u010dnost mo\u017en\u00e1 pouze po matce, st\u00e1le nen\u00ed zn\u00e1m. I dnes d\u00fdch\u00e1me a \u017eijeme d\u00edky mitochondri\u00edm, d\u011bdictv\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00ed energie, kterou m\u016f\u017eeme p\u0159ij\u00edmat pouze od matky.<\/p>\n

    \n
    Reference<\/dt>\n
    Redak\u010dn\u00ed odd\u011blen\u00ed Newton, Mitochondrie, nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed org\u00e1n v bu\u0148k\u00e1ch, jsou hlavn\u00edm aktu\u00e1ln\u00edm p\u0159edm\u011btem z\u00e1jmu, Newton, prosinec 2012<\/dd>\n
    Masato Hiki, Mitochondria Perennial Youth Method (v japon\u0161tin\u011b, \u30df\u30c8\u30b3\u30f3\u30c9\u30ea\u30a2\u4e0d\u8001\u8853), Gentosha Media Consulting, 2009<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u201eCo je \u017eivot?\u201c Na prvn\u00ed pohled se to m\u016f\u017ee zd\u00e1t jako filozofick\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka, ale ve skute\u010dnosti je to ot\u00e1zka, kterou mnoho v\u011bdc\u016f st\u00e1le zkoum\u00e1, ani\u017e by na\u0161li odpov\u011b\u010f. Je zcela b\u011b\u017enou pravdou, \u017ee v\u0161echny \u017eiv\u00e9 v\u011bci maj\u00ed \u017eivot. Ale definovat tento \u017eivot jedn\u00edm slovem nen\u00ed tak jednoduch\u00e9. Mnoho u\u010denc\u016f se pokou\u0161elo definovat \u017eivot, ale nikdo…","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":11242,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[234,249],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11241","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-god-the-mother","category-proof-of-everything"],"yoast_head":"\nMitochondrie, d\u011bdictv\u00ed \u017eivota p\u0159ijat\u00e9 od matek - B\u016fh Matka<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/jerusalemmother.com\/cs\/mitochondrial-inheritance\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Mitochondrie, d\u011bdictv\u00ed \u017eivota p\u0159ijat\u00e9 od matek - B\u016fh Matka\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u201eCo je \u017eivot?\u201c Na prvn\u00ed pohled se to m\u016f\u017ee zd\u00e1t jako filozofick\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka, ale ve skute\u010dnosti je to ot\u00e1zka, kterou mnoho v\u011bdc\u016f st\u00e1le zkoum\u00e1, ani\u017e by na\u0161li odpov\u011b\u010f. 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