{"id":10924,"date":"2023-05-17T10:48:29","date_gmt":"2023-05-17T01:48:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jerusalemmother.com\/imprinting-and-brooder\/"},"modified":"2025-12-05T09:44:49","modified_gmt":"2025-12-05T00:44:49","slug":"imprinting-and-brooder","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jerusalemmother.com\/cs\/imprinting-and-brooder\/","title":{"rendered":"Vtiskov\u00e1n\u00ed a v\u00fdchova: L\u00e1ska pt\u00e1k\u016f k jejich ml\u00e1\u010fat\u016fm (2)"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201eP\u00edp, P\u00edp.\u201c<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e jste byli d\u011btmi, mo\u017en\u00e1 jste vid\u011bli \u017elut\u00e1 ku\u0159\u00e1tka cvrlikaj\u00edc\u00ed v obchod\u011b s dom\u00e1c\u00edmi mazl\u00ed\u010dky a po chv\u00edli z\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed na n\u011b jste si mo\u017en\u00e1 jednoho z t\u011bch roztomil\u00fdch a mil\u00fdch tvor\u016f koupili. Nad\u0161en\u011b jste se o n\u011bj sna\u017eili co nejl\u00e9pe postarat, ale bohu\u017eel onemocn\u011blo a za p\u00e1r dn\u00ed uhynulo. Pro\u010d tomu tak je?<\/p>\n

Inkuba\u010dn\u00ed teplota ku\u0159at je asi 37 a\u017e 38 stup\u0148\u016f, to je teplota, p\u0159i kter\u00e9 slepice inkubuje vejce, ale t\u011blesn\u00e1 teplota ku\u0159at vyl\u00edhnut\u00fdch ve sn\u016f\u0161ce je p\u0159es 40 stup\u0148\u016f. I po vyl\u00edhnut\u00ed vajec slepice pokra\u010duje v inkubaci ku\u0159at. Je to proto, \u017ee ku\u0159ata si nemohou regulovat vlastn\u00ed t\u011blesnou teplotu. Proto ku\u0159ata bez matky snadno um\u00edraj\u00ed. Bez p\u0159eh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee role matky pro jej\u00ed potomky p\u0159\u00edmo souvis\u00ed s jejich \u017eivotem.<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bVtiskov\u00e1n\u00ed: rozpozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed stejn\u00e9ho druhu prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm matky<\/h2>\n

Po vyl\u00edhnut\u00ed ku\u0159ata a kachny ihned n\u00e1sleduj\u00ed svou matku. Tomu se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 vti\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, co\u017e je jedna z charakteristick\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed pt\u00e1k\u016f. Ml\u00e1\u010fata nidifugn\u00edch pt\u00e1k\u016f1<\/sup> se instinktivn\u011b v\u00e1\u017eou na prvn\u00ed pohybuj\u00edc\u00ed se objekt, kter\u00fd vid\u00ed b\u011bhem prvn\u00edch hodin po vyl\u00edhnut\u00ed, a n\u00e1sleduj\u00ed ho. Proto\u017ee si stav\u00ed hn\u00edzda na zemi, mohou b\u00fdt napadeni sv\u00fdmi p\u0159irozen\u00fdmi nep\u0159\u00e1teli. V d\u016fsledku toho maj\u00ed instinkt ut\u00e9ct na bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edsto a n\u00e1sledovat sv\u00e9 matky. Vtisknut\u00ed vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed siln\u00e9 pouto mezi matkou a potomkem, co\u017e d\u00e1v\u00e1 potomkovi schopnost podv\u011bdom\u011b rozpozn\u00e1vat sv\u016fj vlastn\u00ed druh.<\/p>\n

\n1. Nidifugn\u00ed pt\u00e1ci: (z latinsk\u00e9ho nidus<\/i> pro \u201ehn\u00edzdo\u201c a fugere<\/i> \u201eprchat\u201c; tak\u00e9 zn\u00e1m\u00ed jako prekoci\u00e1ln\u00ed pt\u00e1ci) pt\u00e1ci, kte\u0159\u00ed rychle rostou. Kr\u00e1tce po vyl\u00edhnut\u00ed opou\u0161t\u011bj\u00ed hn\u00edzdo, kter\u00e9 je snadno napadeno p\u0159irozen\u00fdmi nep\u0159\u00e1teli.\n<\/div>\n
<\/picture><\/figure>\n

Rakousk\u00fd zoolog Konrad Lorenz, zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako \u201eotec hus velk\u00fdch\u201c, jako prvn\u00ed objevil fenom\u00e9n vtiskov\u00e1n\u00ed u hus velk\u00fdch. Lorenz n\u011bkolik hodin pozoroval vyl\u00edhnut\u00e1 ml\u00e1\u010fata, ne\u017e je po vyl\u00edhnut\u00ed dal k odchovu hus\u00e1m. Ale jedno z vyl\u00edhnut\u00fdch ml\u00e1\u010fat neust\u00e1le projevovalo zn\u00e1mky \u00fazkosti a sna\u017eilo se Lorenze n\u00e1sledovat. House si b\u011bhem prvn\u00edch hodin po vyl\u00edhnut\u00ed vtisklo Lorenze jako svou matku. Nakonec hous\u00e1tko pojmenoval Martina a d\u00e1l se o n\u011bj staral. Martina v\u017edycky chodila v\u0161ude za Lorenzem a nepozn\u00e1vala ostatn\u00ed husy. Martina m\u011bla Lorenze a ostatn\u00ed lidi rad\u011bji ne\u017e sv\u016fj vlastn\u00ed druh.<\/p>\n

Nov\u011b vyl\u00edhnut\u00ed pt\u00e1ci nemaj\u00ed instinkt k rozpozn\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00e9ho druhu. Prost\u011b p\u0159ijala prvn\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bt, kter\u00fd vid\u011bla, jako svou matku. Proto Martina uznala Lorenze za svou matku a nev\u011bd\u011bla o sob\u011b, jestli je husa, nebo ne, stejn\u011b jako labu\u0165 v poh\u00e1dce O o\u0161kliv\u00e9m k\u00e1\u010d\u00e1tku. Pt\u00e1ci, kte\u0159\u00ed se vyl\u00edhnou pod k\u0159\u00eddly sv\u00e9 matky v p\u0159irozen\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed, poznaj\u00ed svou skute\u010dnou matku a nau\u010d\u00ed se zp\u016fsobu \u017eivota sv\u00e9ho druhu. Av\u0161ak um\u011ble vyl\u00edhnut\u00ed pt\u00e1ci to nedok\u00e1\u017eou. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee si ml\u00e1\u010fata mohou prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm sv\u00e9 matky uv\u011bdomit, co ve skute\u010dnosti jsou.<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bOpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed hn\u00edzda: st\u011bhov\u00e1n\u00ed do nov\u00e9ho hn\u00edzda, n\u00e1sledov\u00e1n\u00ed pta\u010d\u00ed matky<\/h2>\n

Nidifugn\u00ed pt\u00e1ci maj\u00ed po vyl\u00edhnut\u00ed pe\u0159\u00ed. Mohou chodit a j\u00edst. Tak\u017ee po vyl\u00edhnut\u00ed okam\u017eit\u011b opust\u00ed hn\u00edzdo a p\u0159esunou se do prost\u0159ed\u00ed s dostatkem potravy. Tomu se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 \u201eopu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed hn\u00edzda\u201c. B\u011bhem tohoto procesu se ml\u00e1\u010fata pot\u00fdkaj\u00ed s \u0159adou obt\u00ed\u017e\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Kachni\u010dka mandarinsk\u00e1, korejsk\u00fd chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fd druh, jednou nakladla vejce v koteln\u011b v dev\u00e1t\u00e9m pat\u0159e bytov\u00e9ho domu a poda\u0159ilo se j\u00ed i s ml\u00e1\u010faty opustit hn\u00edzdo. Kachna si sama vytrhala pe\u0159\u00ed, aby si postavila hn\u00edzdo, a cel\u00fd m\u011bs\u00edc sed\u011bla na vejc\u00edch. Proto\u017ee kachni\u010dky mandarinsk\u00e9 p\u016fvodn\u011b hn\u00edzd\u00ed na stromech, ml\u00e1\u010fata kachny, kter\u00e1 neum\u00ed l\u00e9tat, voln\u011b padaj\u00ed z vysok\u00fdch hn\u00edzd p\u0159i jejich opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. Tak\u017ee v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e1 ml\u00e1\u010fata mandarinsk\u00fdch kachni\u010dky musela sko\u010dit z dev\u00e1t\u00e9ho patra na asfaltovou ulici. Lid\u00e9 pokryli chodn\u00edk dekami, aby pomohli kachni\u010dk\u00e1m mandarinsk\u00fdm, a ml\u00e1\u010fata sk\u00e1kala bez obav, n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc svou matku.<\/p>\n

B\u011bhem l\u00edhnut\u00ed jedno z nich spadlo do kanalizace a zmizelo a nejmlad\u0161\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se vyl\u00edhlo pozd\u011b, nedok\u00e1zalo j\u00edt ve stop\u00e1ch sv\u00e9 matky. Dv\u011b z dev\u00edti vajec se nevyl\u00edhla a pouze p\u011bt ze sedmi, kter\u00e1 se vyl\u00edhla, dok\u00e1zalo n\u00e1sledovat svou matku. Novorozen\u00e1 ml\u00e1\u010fata jsou ohro\u017eena p\u0159irozen\u00fdmi nep\u0159\u00e1teli a okoln\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00edm, tak\u017ee pokud by\u0165 jen na okam\u017eik ztrat\u00ed svou kachn\u00ed matku z dohledu, z\u016fstanou nav\u017edy pozadu.<\/p>\n

<\/picture><\/figure>\n

Pro n\u00e1s vypadaj\u00ed pt\u00e1ci podobn\u011b a jejich hlasy jsou nerozeznateln\u00e9. Jak mandarinsk\u00e9 kachni\u010dky poznaj\u00ed sv\u00e9 matky jen podle hlasu? Existuje zaj\u00edmav\u00fd experiment o vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9m rozpozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed mezi pt\u00e1ky a jejich ml\u00e1\u010faty, kter\u00fd n\u00e1m to m\u016f\u017ee pomoci pochopit. \u201eTu\u010d\u0148\u00e1k krou\u017ekov\u00fd\u201c, u kter\u00e9ho rodi\u010de sd\u00edlej\u00ed odpov\u011bdnost za v\u00fdchovu sv\u00fdch ml\u00e1\u010fat, je zn\u00e1m\u00fd t\u00edm, \u017ee se dok\u00e1\u017ee navz\u00e1jem rozpoznat d\u00edky rozd\u00edl\u016fm v hlase. Dva a\u017e t\u0159i t\u00fddny po vyl\u00edhnut\u00ed, kdy\u017e dosp\u011bl\u00ed tu\u010d\u0148\u00e1ci odl\u00e9taj\u00ed na lov a v jejich dom\u00e1c\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed pouze ml\u00e1\u010fata, stoj\u00ed ml\u00e1\u010fata bok po boku a tvo\u0159\u00ed skupinu. Kdy\u017e v\u011bdci p\u0159ehr\u00e1li p\u0159edem nahran\u00e9 zvuky dosp\u011bl\u00fdch tu\u010d\u0148\u00e1k\u016f, asi 90% ml\u00e1\u010fat poznalo hlasy sv\u00fdch rodi\u010d\u016f a opustilo skupinu. Ten zvuk je pro lidsk\u00e9 ucho nerozli\u0161iteln\u00fd. P\u0159i anal\u00fdze hlasov\u00fdm analyz\u00e1torem v\u0161ak byly zvuky dostate\u010dn\u011b odli\u0161n\u00e9 k identifikaci jednotlivc\u016f. Rodi\u010de a potomci se navz\u00e1jem rozpoznaj\u00ed i podle jemn\u00fdch rozd\u00edl\u016f v jejich vtisknut\u00fdch hlasech.<\/p>\n

Odchov: extr\u00e9mn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de pt\u00e1k\u016f<\/h2>\n

Pt\u00e1ci se staraj\u00ed o sv\u00e1 ml\u00e1\u010fata a vychov\u00e1vaj\u00ed je po jejich vyl\u00edhnut\u00ed. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed pt\u00e1ci dokonce nos\u00ed sv\u00e1 ml\u00e1\u010fata na z\u00e1dech, stejn\u011b jako by to d\u011blala lidsk\u00e1 matka. Vodn\u00ed pt\u00e1ci, jako jsou pot\u00e1pky a kachny, nos\u00ed sv\u00e1 ml\u00e1\u010fata na z\u00e1dech p\u0159i plav\u00e1n\u00ed. Ostn\u00e1kovit\u00ed nos\u00ed sv\u00e1 ml\u00e1\u010fata pod k\u0159\u00eddly. Kdy\u017e se pta\u010d\u00ed matka skr\u010d\u00ed, aby signalizovala nebezpe\u010d\u00ed, ml\u00e1\u010fata se schovaj\u00ed pod jej\u00ed k\u0159\u00eddla. V t\u00e9to dob\u011b pta\u010d\u00ed matka pevn\u011b p\u0159itiskne k\u0159\u00eddla k t\u011blu, aby udr\u017eela ml\u00e1\u010fata.<\/p>\n

Slepice vykazuj\u00ed podobn\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed. Kdy\u017e se slepice ocitne v nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 situaci, nap\u0159\u00edklad na nezn\u00e1m\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b nebo se objev\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00fd nep\u0159\u00edtel, vy\u0161le varovn\u00fd sign\u00e1l, aby svolala ku\u0159ata, pot\u00e9 zvedne k\u0159\u00eddla a nafoukne t\u011blo, aby je schovala. Je to instinktivn\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed k ochran\u011b ml\u00e1\u010fat.<\/p>\n

Na rozd\u00edl od nidifugn\u00edch pt\u00e1k\u016f jsou nidikoln\u00ed pt\u00e1ci2<\/sup> po vyl\u00edhnut\u00ed naz\u00ed a slep\u00ed. Takov\u00ed pt\u00e1ci z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed v hn\u00edzd\u011b d\u00e9le a vychov\u00e1vaj\u00ed sv\u00e1 ml\u00e1\u010fata. V hn\u00edzd\u011b jsou rodi\u010de zanepr\u00e1zdn\u011bni krmen\u00edm sv\u00fdch ml\u00e1\u010fat. Mlyna\u0159\u00edci dlouhoocas\u00ed nos\u00ed j\u00eddlo ka\u017ed\u00e9 t\u0159i a\u017e p\u011bt minut a zob\u00e1kem odn\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed exkrementy ml\u00e1\u010fat. Samec a samice spole\u010dn\u011b p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed potravu a\u017e 250kr\u00e1t denn\u011b, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e najednou p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed dv\u011b nebo t\u0159i housenky. Po\u010det housenek, kter\u00e9 mlyna\u0159\u00edci denn\u011b chyt\u00ed a p\u0159inesou zp\u011bt, aby vychovaly sv\u00e1 ml\u00e1\u010fata, se odhaduje na v\u00edce ne\u017e 500.<\/p>\n

\n2. Nidikoln\u00ed pt\u00e1ci: (z latinsk\u00e9ho nidus<\/i> \u201ehn\u00edzdo\u201c a colous<\/i> \u201eob\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed\u201c; tak\u00e9 zn\u00e1m\u00ed jako altrici\u00e1ln\u00ed pt\u00e1ci)\n<\/div>\n
\n
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\n <\/picture>\n <\/figure>\n
\n <\/picture>\n <\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Typick\u00e9 pta\u010d\u00ed hn\u00edzdo je naho\u0159e odkryt\u00e9, tak\u017ee kdy\u017e pr\u0161\u00ed, pt\u00e1ci zakr\u00fdvaj\u00ed sv\u00e1 ml\u00e1\u010fata cel\u00fdm sv\u00fdm t\u011blem, aby se dovnit\u0159 nedostal d\u00e9\u0161\u0165. Nejen to, riskuj\u00ed sv\u00e9 \u017eivoty, aby ochr\u00e1nili sv\u00e1 ml\u00e1\u010fata p\u0159ed p\u0159irozen\u00fdmi nep\u0159\u00e1teli, jako jsou drav\u00ed pt\u00e1ci a hadi, a jsou neust\u00e1le ve st\u0159ehu, aby zabr\u00e1nili p\u00e1du ml\u00e1\u010fat z jejich vysok\u00fdch hn\u00edzd. Pt\u00e1ci, kte\u0159\u00ed nemaj\u00ed \u010das si \u010distit pe\u0159\u00ed nebo si p\u0159i p\u00e9\u010di o ml\u00e1\u010fata naj\u00edt vlastn\u00ed potravu, jsou st\u00e1le huben\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a nemotorn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e ml\u00e1\u010fata, kter\u00e1 s velkou p\u00e9\u010d\u00ed odchovali, dorostou a je \u010das opustit hn\u00edzdo, rodi\u010de jim ukazuj\u00ed m\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm k\u0159\u00eddel, jak l\u00e9tat, a tak\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed potravu, aby je vyl\u00e1kali z hn\u00edzda a p\u0159im\u011bli je l\u00e9tat. Je to proces, kter\u00fdm mus\u00ed ml\u00e1\u010fata proj\u00edt, aby mohla l\u00e9tat na rozlehl\u00e9 obloze. Pot\u00e9, co vypust\u00ed ml\u00e1\u010fata, se rodi\u010de n\u011bkdy dlouho vzn\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed kolem pr\u00e1zdn\u00e9ho hn\u00edzda, jako by n\u011bco v\u011bd\u011bli.<\/p>\n

D\u00edky oddan\u00e9 p\u00e9\u010di rodi\u010d\u016f jsou ml\u00e1\u010fata schopna p\u0159e\u017e\u00edt nespo\u010det nebezpe\u010d\u00ed od vyl\u00edhnut\u00ed z vajec a\u017e do doby, kdy se mohou vzn\u00e9st do vzduchu. Je to jako ku\u0159ata, kter\u00e1 p\u0159e\u017eij\u00ed jen tehdy, kdy\u017e jsou pod tepl\u00fdmi k\u0159\u00eddly slepice. I dnes se v les\u00edch, \u0159ek\u00e1ch a na\u0161em okol\u00ed rod\u00ed a roste nov\u00fd \u017eivot. Pt\u00e1ci chr\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00e1 ml\u00e1\u010fata, i kdy\u017e zmoknou v de\u0161ti, a povzbuzuj\u00ed je k prvn\u00edmu m\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed k\u0159\u00eddly. Cvrlik\u00e1n\u00ed rodi\u010d\u016f, kter\u00e9 povzbuzuje jejich ml\u00e1\u010fata, n\u00e1m zn\u00ed v u\u0161\u00edch.<\/p>\n

\n\u201e. . . kolikr\u00e1t jsem cht\u011bl shrom\u00e1\u017edit tv\u00e9 d\u011bti, tak jako kvo\u010dna shroma\u017e\u010fuje ku\u0159\u00e1tka pod sv\u00e1 k\u0159\u00eddla . . .\u201c\nMt 23,37<\/small>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\n
Reference<\/dt>\n
Olin Sewall Pettingill Jr., Ornitologie v laborato\u0159i a ter\u00e9nu<\/i> , Academic Press, 1985<\/dd>\n
Vitus B. Dr\u00f6scher, \u00dasp\u011bchy v \u0159\u00ed\u0161i zv\u00ed\u0159at: Strategie p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed ve sv\u011bt\u011b zv\u00ed\u0159at (v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b), Goldmann, 1996<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u201eP\u00edp, P\u00edp.\u201c Kdy\u017e jste byli d\u011btmi, mo\u017en\u00e1 jste vid\u011bli \u017elut\u00e1 ku\u0159\u00e1tka cvrlikaj\u00edc\u00ed v obchod\u011b s dom\u00e1c\u00edmi mazl\u00ed\u010dky a po chv\u00edli z\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed na n\u011b jste si mo\u017en\u00e1 jednoho z t\u011bch roztomil\u00fdch a mil\u00fdch tvor\u016f koupili. Nad\u0161en\u011b jste se o n\u011bj sna\u017eili co nejl\u00e9pe postarat, ale bohu\u017eel onemocn\u011blo a za p\u00e1r dn\u00ed uhynulo. Pro\u010d tomu tak je?…","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":10926,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"post-type\/thum-none.php","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[234,249],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10924","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-god-the-mother","category-proof-of-everything"],"yoast_head":"\nVtiskov\u00e1n\u00ed a v\u00fdchova: L\u00e1ska pt\u00e1k\u016f k jejich ml\u00e1\u010fat\u016fm (2) - B\u016fh Matka<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/jerusalemmother.com\/cs\/imprinting-and-brooder\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Vtiskov\u00e1n\u00ed a v\u00fdchova: L\u00e1ska pt\u00e1k\u016f k jejich ml\u00e1\u010fat\u016fm (2) - B\u016fh Matka\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u201eP\u00edp, P\u00edp.\u201c Kdy\u017e jste byli d\u011btmi, mo\u017en\u00e1 jste vid\u011bli \u017elut\u00e1 ku\u0159\u00e1tka cvrlikaj\u00edc\u00ed v obchod\u011b s dom\u00e1c\u00edmi mazl\u00ed\u010dky a po chv\u00edli z\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed na n\u011b jste si mo\u017en\u00e1 jednoho z t\u011bch roztomil\u00fdch a mil\u00fdch tvor\u016f koupili. 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